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Taking Insurance: The Most Common Blackjack Mistake
Insurance pays 2:1 and is offered in blackjack 6 decks, S17, DAS, DOA, 3:2 payout with basic strategy, a game whose house edge is 0.46%. That 2:1 looks generous next to the 3:2 paid on a natural blackjack, yet the insurance bet itself sits outside the main wager and is settled separately from the hand. A player staking €100 in total across such hands gives up roughly €0.46 to the house on the main bet, while the insurance side wager adds its own cost on top.
Set the insurance payout against the blackjack 3:2 payout used in Blackjack Single deck, classic rules, 3:2, where the house edge is 0.15% and fewer decks lower the edge — one deck gives about −0.48 percentage points compared with 8 decks. Insurance is a side bet, meaning an optional extra wager placed next to the main bet, and its 2:1 return is fixed regardless of deck count. On €100 of insurance stakes the expected loss is far larger than the €0.15 the same money would cost on single-deck blackjack.
Rule modifiers sharpen the picture: Blackjack Split, double and H17 effects show dealer hitting soft 17 adds 0.22 percentage points to the house edge, doubling after a split removes about 0.14 percentage points and resplitting aces removes 0.08 percentage points. A player who declines insurance but doubles after a split keeps more of every €100 staked than one who buys insurance and skips the split. Insurance therefore costs more than the rule choices that players actually control at the table.
Three Roulette Variants and Their House Edges
Roulette European, single zero with 37 pockets, carries an RTP of 97.30% and a house edge of 2.70% on all bets, from Straight at 35:1 down to Red/Black at 1:1. Roulette American adds a second zero and its Five Number Bet covering 0, 00, 1, 2, 3 returns 6:1 on 5 of 38 pockets, giving RTP 92.11% and a house edge of 7.89%. The gap between the two wheels is 5.19 percentage points on that one bet.
Roulette French, inside bets with La Partage excluded, also shows RTP 97.30% and a house edge of 2.70%, because the wheel has the same 37 pockets and the La Partage rule does not cover inside bets, so the edge stays at the European level. On a €100 straight bet the European and French inside versions each cost €2.70 on average, while the American Five Number Bet costs €7.89 — nearly three times as much for the same stake.
The American Five Number Bet is the only wager on the American wheel with an edge above 5.26%, which makes it a trap bet with no equivalent on the European wheel. A player who moves €100 of straight bets from the American Five Number to Roulette European keeps €97.30 instead of €92.11 in theoretical return. Outside that single bet, the American wheel keeps 5.26% versus the 2.70% of the European and French inside versions.
The Craps Pass Line in Four Steps
Craps Pass Line, and its twin Come, carries an RTP of 98.59% and a house edge of 1.41% per resolved bet, which works out at 0.42% per roll, with a standard deviation of 1.00. The bet pays 1:1. On €100 of resolved Pass Line wagers the average cost is €1.41, and spreading the same money across rolls brings the per-roll cost down to €0.42.
The first step is the come-out roll, where a 7 or 11 wins the Pass Line at 1:1. The second step is a 2, 3 or 12, which loses the bet outright. The third step is any other total, which becomes the point, and the fourth step is repeated rolling until the point repeats for a win or a 7 appears for a loss. Each resolved bet carries the same 1.41% edge regardless of how many rolls the point phase takes.
Craps Don't Pass and Don't Come show RTP 98.64% and a house edge of 1.36%, slightly better than Pass Line because 7 wins and 12 is a push, with 0.40% per roll and a standard deviation of 0.99. On €100 of resolved Don't Pass bets the average cost is €1.36 against €1.41 for Pass Line, a difference of €0.05. The push on 12 is what produces that small advantage.
European Roulette: 2.70% House Edge
Roulette European uses a single-zero wheel with 37 pockets numbered 1 to 36 plus 0, and its RTP is 97.30% with a house edge of 2.70%. Payouts are set as if there were 36 pockets, so the same edge applies to every bet: Straight 35:1, Split 17:1, Street 11:1, Corner 8:1 and Six Line 5:1. On €100 staked across any of these, the average cost is €2.70.
Compare that with the American Five Number Bet, which returns RTP 92.11% and a house edge of 7.89%. The European wheel keeps €2.70 per €100 while that American bet keeps €7.89, a difference of €5.19. Even-money options such as Red/Black, Odd/Even and 1-18/19-36 pay 1:1 and still carry the identical 2.70% edge, because the single zero is the only source of the house's margin.
Roulette French inside bets, with La Partage not applying, show the same RTP 97.30% and house edge 2.70%, since the 37-pocket wheel is unchanged and the rule does not extend to inside wagers. A €100 straight bet on the European wheel therefore costs €2.70 on average, exactly as it does on the French inside version. The single zero is what holds the edge at 2.70% rather than the 5.26% of a double-zero wheel.
Straight, Split, and Corner: Three Terms Briefly Explained
A straight bet covers one number and pays 35:1; a split covers two adjacent numbers and pays 17:1; a corner covers four numbers and pays 8:1. All three appear on Roulette European, single zero with 37 pockets, where RTP is 97.30% and the house edge is 2.70% on every bet. Staking €100 across straights, splits and corners therefore costs €2.70 on average, whatever the mix.
The same three payouts sit on Roulette French inside bets, where La Partage does not apply and the edge stays at 2.70% on the same 37 pockets. A street covering three numbers pays 11:1 and a six line covering six numbers pays 5:1, so the payout falls as the coverage widens. A €100 straight at 35:1 returns €3,500 on a win, while the same €100 on a corner at 8:1 returns €800.
On the American wheel the Five Number Bet covering 0, 00, 1, 2, 3 pays 6:1 and carries a house edge of 7.89%, which is the only wager there above 5.26%. A €100 stake on that bet costs €7.89 on average, against €2.70 for a European straight, split or corner. The wider coverage of the Five Number Bet does not lower its cost, because the double-zero wheel sets the price.
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| Category | Examples | Stakes From | Highlight |
|---|---|---|---|
| Slots | Starburst, Big Bass Bonanza, Mental | 0.10 EUR | thousands of titles |
| Table games | Roulette, Blackjack, Baccarat | 0.50 EUR | classic rules |
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| Instant games | Aviator, Plinko, Mines | 0.10 EUR | fast rounds |
| Video poker | Jacks or Better, Deuces Wild | 0.25 EUR | strategy based |
Video Poker: Check the Paytable Before You Bet
Video Poker Deuces Wild — Full Pay pays 800 for a natural royal and carries an RTP of 100.76%. RTP, the theoretical long-run return on all stakes, is here above 100%, so the player holds a positive expected value of 0.76% rather than paying a casino margin. Flawless optimal strategy and the maximum bet are both required to reach that number.
Compare that with Blackjack Liberal Vegas Strip at 99.72% and Baccarat Banker at 98.94%: the gap to Deuces Wild Full Pay is 1.04 percentage points and 1.82 percentage points. On €1,000 of stakes the Full Pay table returns €1,007.60 on average, while the same €1,000 at 98.94% returns €989.40.
The paytable label matters more than the game name: the 25/15/9/5/3/2/2/1 structure is what produces 100.76%, and the smallest deviation from optimal strategy pushes the RTP below 100%. Four deuces are wild and pay 200, a wild royal pays 25, five of a kind 15, a straight flush 9, four of a kind 5, a full house 3, a flush 2, a straight 2 and three of a kind 1.
Baccarat: The Banker Bet's 1.06% House Edge
Baccarat Banker, played with 8 decks and a 5% commission, shows an RTP of 98.94% and a house edge of 1.06%. The commission reduces the win to an effective payout of 0.95:1 and offsets the Banker's positional advantage when the third card is drawn. Standard deviation is 0.93.
Across the table, Baccarat Player returns 98.76% with a straight 1:1 win and no commission, so the Player bet costs 1.24% — 0.18 percentage points more than Banker. On €500 staked on Banker the average cost is €5.30; the same €500 on Player costs €6.20.
The side bets sit far above both: Baccarat Player Pair and Banker Pair return 89.64%, a house edge of 10.36%, paid as 11 for 1. That is nearly ten times the margin of the Banker bet, which is why the main game, not the pair bet, carries the lower cost per round.
6 Decks vs 8 Decks: The House Edge Difference
Blackjack 6 decks, S17, DAS, DOA, with a 3:2 payout and basic strategy, returns 99.54% and carries a house edge of 0.46%. The dealer stands on soft 17, doubling down is allowed on any first two cards, doubling after a split is allowed and there is no surrender. Insurance pays 2:1.
Deck count is a modifier on that figure: moving from 8 decks to 6 decks improves the RTP by about 0.02 percentage points. Rule changes weigh more — the dealer hitting soft 17 costs 0.22 percentage points, doubling after a split adds about 0.14 percentage points and resplitting aces adds 0.08 percentage points.
One deck with classic rules and a 3:2 payout reaches 99.85% and a house edge of 0.15%, roughly 0.48 percentage points better than 8 decks. That advantage is often cancelled when the same game pays 6:5 instead of 3:2, so the payout line deserves a check before the deck count does.
Corner Pays 8:1, Dozen Only 2:1
On Roulette European, with a single zero and 37 pockets, a corner bet pays 8:1 and a dozen pays 2:1, yet both carry the same house edge of 2.70%. Payouts are set as if the wheel had 36 pockets, which is why every bet on the layout shows an identical edge. The RTP is 97.30%.
Convert that into money: €100 spread over corners returns €97.30 on average, and €100 on dozens returns the same €97.30, a cost of €2.70 either way. The corner covers 4 of 37 pockets, the dozen covers 12 of 37, so the wider bet wins far more often at a quarter of the payout.
Roulette French inside bets show the same 2.70%, because La Partage and En Prison do not cover inside bets. Roulette American is the contrast: its Five Number Bet on 0, 00, 1, 2 and 3 returns 92.11% with a house edge of 7.89%, paid at 6:1, and has no equivalent on the European wheel.
Columns and Dozens Pay 2:1 in Roulette
Column and Dozen bets on Roulette European both pay 2:1 at an RTP of 97.30% and a house edge of 2.70%. Each covers 12 of the 37 pockets, and the payout is calculated on a 36-pocket basis, which keeps the edge identical to a straight bet at 35:1.
Even-money options pay 1:1 at the same 2.70%: Red/Black, Odd/Even and 1-18/19-36. At 2:1 the column or dozen is the higher-payout of the two outside groups, and €300 staked across columns costs €8.10 on average, the same €2.70 per €100 as any other bet on the wheel.
The inside payouts scale with coverage: straight 35:1, split 17:1, street 11:1, corner 8:1 and six line 5:1, all on the same 37-pocket wheel. Roulette American, by contrast, runs a 38-pocket wheel, so its Five Number Bet drops to 92.11% and a 7.89% edge, one of the worst single bets on the table.
Sic Bo Payouts From 1:1 to 180:1
Sic Bo Small and Big, played under Atlantic City rules, return 97.22% and carry a house edge of 2.78%, where house edge means the average share of each stake the casino keeps. Small covers totals of 4 to 10 and Big covers 11 to 17, and any triple loses both bets, so the widest payout range in the game sits on the special bets rather than on these two. A player staking €100 on Small or Big therefore gives up €2.78 on average across many rounds.
The special bets stretch from an RTP of 92.13% down to 81.48%, which puts Single Number at a 7.87% edge and Specific Double at the worst figure in Sic Bo, 18.52%. Specific Triple pays 180:1, Any Triple 30:1, Specific Double 10:1, Two-Dice Combo 5:1, and Single Number pays 1:1, 2:1 or 3:1 depending on how many dice match. The gap between Small and Big at 2.78% and Specific Double at 18.52% is 15.74 percentage points.
Two-Dice Combo returns 83.33% and Any Triple 86.11%, both far below the 97.22% of Small and Big, while Specific Triple sits at 83.80%. A €100 stake on Specific Double costs €18.52 on average, against €2.78 on Small or Big. The overall edge in Sic Bo runs from 2.78% to 33.33% depending on the bet selected, so the choice of wager moves the cost per €100 by up to €30.55.
Craps Pass Line: 1.41% House Edge
The Craps Pass Line bet returns 98.59% with a house edge of 1.41% per resolved bet, and the Come bet carries identical maths. That same edge expressed per roll is 0.42%, because a Pass Line wager is not resolved on every throw. A player staking €100 across resolved Pass Line bets gives up €1.41 on average.
Don't Pass returns 98.64% with a 1.36% edge, slightly better than Pass Line because 7 wins and 12 is a push, and per roll the figure is 0.40%. Standard deviation on Pass Line is 1.00 and on Don't Pass 0.99. The difference between the two edges is only 0.05 percentage points, so €100 of resolved stakes costs €1.36 on Don't Pass against €1.41 on Pass Line.
Both bets pay 1:1, and Don't Pass pushes on 12. Neither figure approaches the 0.46% edge of six-deck Blackjack with S17, DAS, DOA and a 3:2 payout, nor the 2.70% edge on European Roulette. The 0.42% per-roll cost means a player making 100 Pass Line rolls commits about €0.42 per €1 of flat stake in expected loss.
Dozen 2:1 Hits 12 of 37 Numbers
A Dozen bet on European Roulette pays 2:1 and covers 12 of the 37 pockets, which are numbered 1 to 36 plus a single zero. Because payouts are set as if there were 36 pockets, the RTP is 97.30% and the house edge is 2.70% on every bet, including this one. A €10 Dozen stake therefore returns €9.73 on average.
The same 2.70% edge applies to Straight at 35:1, Split at 17:1, Street at 11:1, Corner at 8:1, Six Line at 5:1, Column at 2:1, and the even-money bets Red/Black, Odd/Even and 1-18/19-36. On 100 € of Dozen stakes the expected cost is 2.70 €, identical to a Column wager at the same 2:1. The American wheel instead keeps 5.26%, which is 2.56 percentage points more.
French Roulette inside bets also return 97.30% with a 2.70% edge, because La Partage and En Prison do not cover inside wagers, so a Straight at 35:1 or a Split at 17:1 keeps the European figure. The Five Number Bet on the American wheel is the outlier at 92.11% RTP, a 7.89% edge on 5 of 38 pockets paying 6:1. Between 2.70% and 7.89% the cost per €100 of stakes moves from €2.70 to €7.89.
Double Down: Doubling Your Bet After Two Cards
A double down doubles the stake and attaches exactly one more card, and on six-deck Blackjack with S17, DAS, DOA and a 3:2 payout the game returns 99.54% with a 0.46% edge when basic strategy is followed. Doubling after a split, known as DAS, improves RTP by about 0.14 percentage points, so the rule set matters as much as the decision itself. A €20 double puts €40 at risk on a single card.
Dealer hits soft 17 lowers RTP by 0.22 percentage points, while resplitting aces adds 0.08 percentage points and moving from 8 decks to 6 decks adds about 0.02 percentage points. Liberal Vegas Strip rules, combining S17, DAS, resplit and late surrender with a 3:2 payout, reach 99.72% RTP and a 0.28% edge, with standard deviation 1.15. The gap between 99.54% and 99.72% is 0.18 percentage points.
Single-deck Blackjack with classic rules and a 3:2 payout returns 99.85% with a 0.15% edge, about 0.48 percentage points better than the 8-deck version, though a 6:5 payout often offsets that gain. Insurance pays 2:1 and a regular win pays 1:1. On a €50 double, the extra card commits €50 more, and at a 0.46% edge that additional exposure costs about €0.23 in expectation.
When Does Splitting Aces and Eights Make Sense?
Splitting allows up to 4 hands, and split aces usually receive one card each, which limits how far the bet can be developed. On six-deck Blackjack with S17, DAS, DOA and a 3:2 payout the base RTP is 99.54% with a 0.46% edge, and doubling after a split improves that by about 0.14 percentage points. Resplitting aces adds a further 0.08 percentage points of RTP.
Dealer hits soft 17 removes 0.22 percentage points of RTP, more than the 0.14 percentage points that DAS adds, so a table with H17 and DAS still trails one with S17. Liberal Vegas Strip rules with S17, DAS, resplit and late surrender return 99.72% with a 0.28% edge and standard deviation 1.15, while single-deck classic rules reach 99.85% with a 0.15% edge. Blackjack pays 3:2 and a regular win pays 1:1.
No surrender is available in the six-deck S17, DAS, DOA configuration, and that absence is one reason its edge sits at 0.46%. Basic strategy is required to reach the 99.54% figure, and any deviation lowers the return. A €100 split across two hands at a 0.46% edge costs about €0.46 in expectation, against €0.28 under Liberal Vegas Strip rules, a difference of €0.18 per €100 staked.
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